Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. In this episode of omg OMx, Bruker's science-driven podcast, Kate Stumpo interviews Daniel Hornburg, the VP of Proteomics at Seer, as they discuss the innovative technologies in plasma proteomics. WHO recommended criteria for declaring the end of the Ebola virusdisease. Bats and rodents have been considered as potential reservoir species for a long time. World Health Organization. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. The lack of IPC training lead to health care workers being 100 times more likely than the general population to contract Ebola (Ratnayake et al. 2 0 obj 7t-P?xBwP%|byhU3F{7Ou6 `yl9]#| %P=mYRKQ>SZU,?z66.G\hT@w}vt*P -9AcJ"guP". 6TU*tV[Nw ~MqO\ !x0[".1@CIkeRq&g85Htl@(_%F 1$`(:6R.||w,(Q_N\`pn/ n (CGCM]/NT`Z`Dl''#m@J?IdC!Gk,2R@:IEgs1:bT S-4IkmYi)k4Ng4q>@MaQ$ Infection with the Ebola virus in Africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes, and porcupines. Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. In humans, the disease is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids leading to haemorrhagic fever (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). 2022: an outbreak of Sudan ebolavirus disease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! May 2021 [internet publication]. The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). 4 0 obj Jun 2021 [internet publication]. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. 2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/01/03-0125_article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). hasContentIssue false, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2020. He, Alexander J. World Health Organization. Metrovi, Tomislav. It also notified WHO labs across Africa to prepare to diagnose cases. View all Google Scholar citations As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). The first drug, approved in October 2020, Inmazeb, is a combination of three monoclonal antibodies. Bookshelf The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. Elife. The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. PMC "useRatesEcommerce": false for this article. Although a considerable amount of effort has been put into identifying the natural reservoirs with every large outbreak of the disease, potential hosts or arthropod vectors for the Ebola virus have not been found. Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Epidemiology: Ebola Virus and Healthy People 2020 Essay There has only been one outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus: in 2007 in western Uganda, and this outbreak had a case fatality rate of 25%. The virus enters the body through broken skin, through the eyes, nose or mouth, or through sexual contact. Bookshelf https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398. It was the third outbreak in the province in the last four years. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398, 2021: the thirteenth outbreak in the DRC started on October 8, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on December 16, 2021, with a total of 11 cases and 9 deaths (case fatality rate 82%). Over 19,000 cases were reported by December 2014 and of those, 7,518 lost their lives. 14091448. , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. One year into the Ebola epidemic. [36]World Health Organization. * Any person, alive or dead, who has/had Ebola symptoms and had contact with a suspected, probable or confirmed EVD case, or a dead or sick animal or with any person with unexplained bleeding or any sudden, unexplained death becomes SUSPECTED. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. Ebola health update:north Kivu/Ituri, DRC, 2018-2020. Fields virology. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ?j\jQI"8dDbD n. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. The virus obtained its name from the Ebola River in Africa. Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. The presence of the Zaire ebolavirus in naturally infected fruit bats was first documented when viral RNA and antibodies were detected in three different bat species of the Pteropodidae family: Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti, and Myonycteris torquata. [34]World Health Organization. Has data issue: false Reporting time of the first cases of Ebola to WHO has been reduced (P = .017) and case fatality (P = .028) has gone from 88% to 62% in the period studied. Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced in a laboratory or other manufacturing facility that act like natural antibodies to stop a germ such as a virus from multiplying after it has infected a person. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. Data | Global Ebola Response The Ebola-Zaire subtype is the most lethal variant. The first cases of Ebola virus infection were reported in Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) in 1976. Design a strategy to contain the Ebola outbreak. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. Diagnosis; Ebola; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebola virus diseases; Epidemiology; Prevention; Treatment; Vaccines. Moreover, the outbursts have appeared in Africa over the following 27 years, with death rates that differ from 50 to 90%. What Is the Epidemiologic Triangle? - Rivier Academics Recent outbreaks of animal-borne emerging infectious diseases have likely been precipitated by a complex interplay of changing ecological, epidemiological and socio-economic factors. Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly zoonotic disease caused by the Ebola virus. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328, 2021: the twelfth outbreak in the DRC started on February 7, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on May 3, 2021, with a total of 12 cases and 6 deaths (case fatality rate 50%). The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. Zhang M, Wang X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Wu H, Wang J, Luo L, Xiao H, Qiao C, Li X, Huang W, Wang Y, Feng J, Chen G. Microbiol Spectr. Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). endobj (Michaels-Strasser et al. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON404 Opens in new window, Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer. The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, there remains a lack of clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf Epub 2021 Mar 18. About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). The first presumed fatality was in Guinea in December 2013 [], and the first cases in Sierra Leone were detected in May 2014 [].Initial transmissions in Sierra Leone were concentrated . If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. 1). [26]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People become infected with Ebola virus through contact with infected wild animals or contact with blood or body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of infected humans. and Ebola virus disease Guinea. There have been differences (P = .04) between the outbreaks produced by the Sudan and Zaire strains of the virus, both in terms of duration and case fatality ratio (Sudan strain 74.5 days on average and 62.7% of case fatality ratio versus Zaire strain with 150 days on average and 55.4% case fatality ratio). [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. 2021. He enjoys contributing back to the community. FOIA [32]World Health Organization. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, Early reports of Ebola virus disease from Guinea, CDC field team deployed. In 2014 the world watched in horror as West Africa experienced the largest Ebola epidemic in history. Retrieved on May 01, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. Woolsey C, Fears AC, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Dobias NS, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease 2 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. section, para. [37]World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. 8600 Rockville Pike Please note that medical information found The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html. Huang, Yu-Hsun Text Version of Timeline. This is the same technique that epidemiologists use when they are researching the outbreak of a disease. There are always new cases of Ebola arises in different parts of Africa and it still continues to be a threat, Every illness begins at a single source that can rapidly spread to susceptible individuals who are completely unaware of what is occurring before them. Zaire Ebola virus poses the most significant threat to humans and animals. Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. The second drug, Ebanga, is a single monoclonal antibody and was approved in December 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). Complete each fillable area. government site. <> 1. Feature Flags: { <>>> Model-based evaluation of the impact of prophylactic vaccination applied to Ebola epidemics in Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo. From nanoparticle-based enrichment to mass spec refinements, they explore how these tools facilitate unbiased, deep, and rapid proteomics. } Healthcare workers, family, and friends in close contact with the diseased are at the highest risk of getting infected, due to close contact with blood or other bodily fluids. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325, 2020: the eleventh outbreak in the DRC started on June 1, 2020 in the quateur province and was declared over on November 18, 2020, with a total of 130 cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 42%). The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks - PubMed Ebola virus disease fact sheet. An official website of the United States government. As the Ebola virus in the reservoir might present in a subclinical or asymptomatic way, there is a possibility of sporadic activation via appropriate stimuli such as stress, changes in food. 3 0 obj News-Medical. Avoid participation in funeral or burial rituals that require handling a dead body. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. 2021 May 14;19(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01996-5. Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment - The Biology Notes AFROs regional director, Dr. Luis Sambo, called for greater epidemiological aid and implementation of the IHRs alert system requirements. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the % Epidemiology of Ebola - UKEssays.com Disease outbreak news. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus Uganda. Image Credit: Valeniker / Shutterstock.com. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. Kavulikirwa, Olivier Kambere Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa. This vaccine is recommended as a pre-exposure vaccine for certain adults who are at risk of being exposed to Ebola virus (for example, outbreak responders, laboratorians or other staff at certain laboratories who handle specimens that might contain Ebola virus, and healthcare personnel working at state or federally designated special pathogens treatment centers). Mar 2020 [internet publication]. Infect Dis Poverty. Report of an International Commission. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. Disease outbreak news. analyse site usage and support us in providing free open access scientific content. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. Neagu M, Calina D, Docea AO, Constantin C, Filippini T, Vinceti M, Drakoulis N, Poulas K, Nikolouzakis TK, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. J Cell Mol Med. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad % As a result, there is an overlap of geographic Ebola virus distribution with the range of the fruit bats, although the Zaire ebolavirus has not been successfully isolated from naturally infected animals. The Ebola virus causes a high-risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? 1978;56(2):271-93. Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West How can I learn more about Ebola virus disease? This could explain the sporadic nature of infection and periodical outbreaks of this disease in Africa. 3 0 obj As the chart below displays, 71% of the people infected died as a result of Ebola during this first outbreak (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2): 247-270, 1978). ), Marburg and Ebola virus infections in laboratory non-human primates: a literature review, Ebola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus, Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread, Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Ebola virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978, The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995, Emergence of divergent Zaire Ebola virus strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008, Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues, Outbreak(s) of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Filovirus outbreak detection and surveillance: lessons from Bundibugyo, Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011, Managing Ebola from rural to urban slum settings: experiences from Uganda. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations Origins of the Ebola epidemic - WHO [25]Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. and Direct comparison of case fatality rates between different Ebola treatment centers and outbreaks should be interpreted with caution as many variables can introduce bias and skew even large cohort data. Ebola virus disease Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis. Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. <> CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Disclaimer. Emerg Microbes Infect. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986 endobj Disease outbreak news. PLoS One. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Recently in 2014, there was a major outbreak from Ebola. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Ebola Epidemic: Student Worksheet Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and . Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Am J Public Health. Ebola outbreak mission instructions and resources - PBS Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids and raw meat prepared from these animals (bushmeat) or meat from an unknown source. There is currently no FDA-licensed vaccine to protect against the three other strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people. Li ZJ, Tu WX, Wang XC, Shi GQ, Yin ZD, Su HJ, Shen T, Zhang DP, Li JD, Lv S, Cao CL, Xie RQ, Lu HZ, Jiang RM, Cao Z, An ZJ, Li LL, Xu J, Xiong YW, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang HW, Chen WS, Ling H, Xu W, Cai J, Luo HJ, Xing XS, Zheng CJ, Wei Q, Li XX, Li M, Jiang H, Deng LQ, Chen MQ, Huo X, Xu F, Lai XH, Bai XC, Ye LJ, Yao JY, Yin WW, Sun JJ, Xiao L, Liu FQ, Liu XQ, Fan HW, Kou ZQ, Zhou JK, Zhang H, Ni DX, Samba TT, Li Q, Yu HJ, Wang Y, Liang XF. United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Office for Project Services, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER). 2015 Apr;21(4):578-84. doi: 10.3201/eid2104.141940. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). For instance, care can occur through traditional healers, the home, primary health care facilities and hospitals (Manguvo, A & Mafuvadze, B 2015, p. 2). 1 0 obj Training for outbreak response through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. Transmission of Ebola from the reservoir species to humans or other potential end hosts might be an infrequent event, taking into account the restricted distribution and scarce contact with the reservoir species. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685
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