The history of exile is etched into Jewish languages. It is spoken by Central Asian Jews once concentrated around Bukhara, Samarkand, and Tashkent (in Uzbekistan) but today primarily in the U.S. and Israel. These Jewish languages reflect the history of our ancestors around the world. There are some pages in periodicals in Judeo-Tajik: 1 page in "Menora" a weekly newspaper of the World Bukharian Jewish Congress (Israel), and 1 page in "Bukharian Times" a weekly newspaper published in New York. Initially, this language was used by Bukharan Jews for communication within the family and community. The following verbs are those most common in the formation of such combinations, for example, mehelo guftan ask forgiveness (on Yom Kippur );barokho guftan pray, bless;l guftan object,qadish guftan say Kadish;qidusho guftan say ceremonial blessing over wine, kavd doshtan be respected; zekhut doshtan have merit, privilege. - 2023: 50,000, Hebrew, then Latin, then Cyrillic (since 1940s), Demonstration of the mutual intelligibility of Judeo-Tajik/Bukharian/Bukhori and other Persian languages. These Jews were sometimes known as Bukharian Jews because many lived under the reign of the Emir of Bukhara. WebThe Torah says, A judge you shall not curse and a prince/king in your nation shall you not curse (Ex. Facing persecution from Islamic rulers in Spain, some Spanish Jews moved to North Africa in the 1300s and 1400s, bringing Ladino with them, establishing Ladino-speaking communities in Morocco. Today, there are over 200,000 Bukharian Jews: many live in Israel and the United States. In the late 1800s, many Bukharian Jews began immigrating to Israel. This passage forbids cursing a judge or king because one might Today, Russian continues to be an important lingua franca for many immigrant communities from the former Soviet Union, Jewish and non-Jewish, including Bukhori. WebThe Bukharian Jews represent a unique set of customs and approaches to managing their religious beliefs and their health and wellbeing, and these factors are critical in supporting their development and growth as a culture with specific health concerns and needs, similar to those of other cultures. Historically centered in what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, inparticular the Silk Road cities of Bukhara and Samarkand and the modern capitals of Tashkent and Dushanbe,the communitys rootsas a distinctive Jewish community go back centuries and perhaps millennia. 8 Essential Jewish Bukharian Dishes | The Nosher I wish you all a happy Chanukah! WebWhen you yell Damn! Page name. However, we have many Passover traditions and customs that are unique to our A Guide to Ukraines Curse Words So You Can Follow the Viral Over the 120 years of Russian rule in Central Asia, most Bukharan Jews became Russian speakers. Judeo- Tajik / Bukharian - jewishlanguages.org In each new setting elements from local vernaculars have been absorbed, modified to suit the Yiddish idiom, noted historians Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. Subscribe to learn about events here, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Redbubble, and LinkTree: Copyright 2002-2023, HUC-JIR Jewish Language Project. A single newspaper, (Rahamim) (19101916) was published in the city of Skobelev in the district of Fergana and later in Kokand. Up until 1928, these publications made use of the Hebrew alphabet (Rashi letters were used in handwriting, while square letters were used in print) and some Jews used the Arabic alphabet, which was used by local non-Jews at that time. This phenomenon explains the type of synonymous repetition typical of Judeo-Tajik, which involves the simultaneous use of two synonyms, one of which is borrowed from another language such as ushu (Tajik) hayol (Arabic) (thought), or bakhtu (Tajik) mazol (Hebrew) (fate). In Yemen, Judeo-Arabic dialects sounded even more distinct from the language spoken by non-Jews. The use of the phrase shut up to signify hold ones tongue dates back to the sixteenth century and was even used by Shakespeare as an insult with various creative twists! To cite: Tolmas, Chana. Her latest bookPortraits of Valor: Heroic Jewish Women You Should Knowdescribes the lives of 40 remarkable women who inhabited different eras and lands, giving a sense of the vast diversity of Jewish experience. 95-181. During this period, Jewish schools in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan taught students in Bukharian, using Bukharian-language schoolbooks. There are some Judeo-Tajik words produced from Hebrew-Aramaic stems + Judeo-Tajik affixation: ovel+i mournful;'kosher+i kosher food;derekh-eres+nok respectful;ovel+nok mourning. Prof. Sandra Debenedetti Stow, who retired after a career teaching at Israels Bar Ilan University, recently shared her research into this distinctive language with Aish.com. Bukharian Web1. Little detailed linguistic research has been carried out, almost none in recent years or in English. Beginning with the Ottoman invasion (the Ottoman empire captured Athens in 1458), the language started changing, Prof. Connerty explains. With the immigration of Jews from the former USSR to Israel in the 1970s, and even more so in the 1990s, the use of Judeo-Tajik resurfaced in various contexts. 1340 Words6 Pages. Curses are verbal ejaculations, more squawks than labels. The Bukharian language, which had been primarily oral for centuries, began to develop a literary character in the Jewish state. WebCursing And Blessing In Ethiopia. It is spoken by Central Asian Jews once concentrated around Some words are also borrowed from Yiddish, such as yorzeit (memorial) and shvarz (black). WebMost Common Ukrainian Curse Words: 1) Blyat (): Bitch, Fuck, Shit! We Bukharian Jews would close off the streets and a few houses would be in charge of organizing a party, like a block party, for a wedding, bar mitzvah, or a yushvo (memorial). Who Are the Bukharan Jews? | My Jewish Learning These words are generally not felt by Bukharan Jews to be foreign elements. In 1940, it became forbidden to publish in this language, and Jewish schools switched to teaching in Tajik, Uzbek, and Russian. Although there has not been an official estimate of language abilities, according to my observation, about 70% of them understand Judeo-Tajik, and 40% can speak. Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect) - Wikipedia Dictionary of Six Languages, by Shlomo Baba Jon Pinkhasov, Jerusalem, 1912 (second edition): Hebrew, Judeo-Tajik (called Parsi here), Russian, Judeo-Spanish (called Espanioli), Arabic, and Turkish, all written in Hebrew letters. In part, this abandonment of traditional Jewish languages reflects the robust state of Israel as the homeland of the worlds Jewish communities. They never lost their distinctive Jewish mode of dress, they maintained their Jewish names, and they kept their Jewish language. Jews living in Central Asia integrated words in Uzbek and other languages into their own language, while subjecting them to phonetic changes. WebBulgarian Swear Words - Learn how to curse in Bulgarian. Nakarah go da pikae gaz.) Since Italian Jews were so confined in the Middle Ages, the language traditions they developed were intensely local. This period saw the publication of new Judeo-Tajik dictionaries and anthologies of poetry and prose, the broadcasting of radio programs, and the performance of plays. Part of a concert of the Bukharian Jewish Folk Ensemble "Maqom" in New York. Image courtesy of Ruben Shimonov, originally from Iosif Kalontarov. A common insult across various Slavic languages, including Russian and Ukrainian. Sample of Judaica-Arabic, from the Cairo Geniza, The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. Sone meant anti-Semite in Judeo Italian: it came from the Hebrew word sone (hater). 8 eggs. Cusstionary.com - The Internets cussing dictionary at times employing radically different pronunciation from that of local non-Jewish Arabic speakers. Here are fifteen great angry phrases in Bulgarian. My Bukharian Jewish Community Celebrates Hanukkah The Hebrew-Aramaic elements in Judeo-Tajik retained their original meanings in most cases. bukharian curse words Dr. Mary Connertey, Teaching Professor Emeritus at Penn State Behrend, explained to Aish.com that Anywhere we (Jews) have lived we created our own language.. They trace their history back to Biblical times, when King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia conquered ancient Israel, destroying the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 587 BCE, and exiled many Jews north into Babylonia. Russification policies under the Soviet Union impacted the development of the language, especially as Bukharians moved to urban environments such as Tashkent and Dushanbe. So, for instance, certain Uzbek words replaced or were used alongside words in Judeo-Tajik: avr/kosh ('eyebrows'), or sar/kal ('head'). Written in Hebrew letters, Judeo-Italian flourished after Jews were confined to small ghettos: all-Jewish neighborhoods in Italian towns where Jews were forced to live. 1- Its Images courtesy of Ruben Shimonov. Part of a comedy performance in New York (in Judeo-Tajik and English, with some Russian). Some Judeo-Italian words were interesting syntheses of Italian and Hebrew terms. #BukharianJews hashtag on Twitter 1/2 teaspoon baking soda. (Sounds like Blat). Speech by David Kalontar at the opening of a Bukharian Jewish school, August 25 1900. Bukharian Jews: Cultural Beliefs and Practices, Essay Example Get Angry in Bulgarian with Phrases for Any Situation! Bukhara is a former state in southwest Asia, now part of Uzbekistan. Bukharian Jews face new, uniquely American challenges Bukharian Fried Twig Cookies (Hushquiliq) Ingredients. Bukharian Flavor Enlivens Queens There are some Hebrew stems with morphemes of Tajik origin: 1) hypocoristic forms such as: shedim+cha little devil;te(h)ilim+cha small Book of Psalms;Hano+cha little Hana. ELAs Jewish Languages Initiative is working with members of the Bukharian community to record Bukhori stories, conversations, life histories, and religious discourses, among other linguistic genres, in collaboration with an array of native speakers in the New York City community. Some of the verbs in Judeo-Tajik occur with Hebrew-Aramaic nouns, and together they produce composite or periphrastic verbs. Traditionally written with Hebrew letters, notably by Rabbi Shimon Hakham in Jerusalem, Bukhori has also been adapted for the Cyrillic and Roman alphabets, with hundreds of books having been published on a wide array of subjects. It was widely spoken in central and eastern European communities from the early Middle Ages until the decimation of Jewish communities in the Holocaust, and continues to be spoken in some Jewish communities in Europe, Israel, and in North and South America today. Web address (jewishlanguages.org/**). Scattered far and wide, Jewish communities have carved out distinctive languages, keeping them somewhat apart from the larger non-Jewish communities surrounding them. Bukhori is classified by linguists as a Southwestern Iranian language, closely related to Tajik and, at more distance, to modern Persian, all stemming from Classical Persian. The Bukharian Jewish Community in It is also known as Bukhori or Bukharian. I made him piss gas. ( . An insult is sometimes expressed by referring to people with Hebrew-Aramaic animal names: kalov < 'dog' (in the meaning of ungrateful), hamr< 'donkey' (an insult name of host population). Frontpage of Haynt, Today, a Yiddish newspaper published in Warsaw from 1906 to 1939. This is b) with the help of Tajik pronominal enclitics: mazol+am my luck;mazol+at your luck;mazol+ash his(her) luck;nishomo+ash its spirit, and so on. WebIt was an incredible discovery exactly what I needed! Watch an interview about Bukharian conducted in the language: Distinct forms of Arabic spoken by Jewish communities in the Middle East began to evolve as early as the 8th century, according to New York University Prof. Benjamin Hary. 10 Things Us Bulgarians Say When We Are Pissed - Matador Jewish Language Website, Sarah Bunin Benor (ed.). WebThroughout the Soviet period, Bukharan Jews in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan studied Russian in school. For Hanukkah, we would all gather and light a flat menorah with oil and cotton wicks. Between 1910 and 1916, a Bukharian-language newspaper called Rahamim was published, first in the town of Skobelev and then in Kokand, both in Uzbekistan. Bukharan Jews WebBukharan Jews used Bukharian or Bukhori, a Jewish dialect of the Tajik language (in turn a variety of Persian) with linguistic elements of Hebrew, to communicate among Beginning in the Renaissance, Judaic languages in Italian became more Italianized; soon they were simply dialects of local forms of Italian. Rabbi Shimon Hakham, a Central Asian-born Bukharian Jew living in Jerusalem, translated many works into Bukharian and sent them back to his co-religionists in Asia. 6 Little-Known Jewish Languages - Aish.com In Egypt, Walking in the Footsteps of the Exodus, When Arabian Jews and Muslims Lived in Peace, The Story of the Jews, #4: Masada's Fall and Rise, 8 Historical Figures You Didnt Known Were Antisemitic, Portraits of Valor: Heroic Jewish Women You Should Know, Behind the Scenes of Netflixs Jewish Matchmaking. Judeo-Tajik is an endangered language. Some of the most important studies are in Russian, dating to the Soviet period, including I.Zarubins Ocherk razgovomogo iazyka samarkandskikh evreev (Opytkharakteristiki. The Constantinople Pentateuch (Jewish Bible) is one of the oldest surviving books written in Yevanic, dating from 1547. It is spoken by Central Asian Jews once concentrated around Bukhara, Samarkand, and Tashkent (in Uzbekistan) but today primarily in the U.S. and Israel. Join Facebook to connect with Bukharian TImes Bukharian Times and others you may know. June 14th, 2022 mandarin high school basketball mandarin high school basketball Bukhori - Endangered Language Alliance Bukhori Jewish Languages NYC Map (Mlakni). Bukhori is a Southwestern Iranian language, closely related to Tajik and, at more distance, to modern Persian. Part of a comedy performace in Israel (in Judeo-Tajik and Hebrew, with some Russian). Los Angeles: Jewish Language Project. Today, the language is kept alive by a few families in Jerusalem and New York and by scholars who continue to research Yevanic and other small Jewish languages. Yiddish evolved among Jewish communities in Slavic and Germanic-speaking lands in the Middle Ages. Among the videos currently in the archive are Rabbi Boruch Babayev explaining a weekly Torah portion; Aron Aronov describing exhibits in the Bukharian Museum, of which he is the founder and director; and Albert Yakobov, a folklorist and writer, discussing Bukharian folklore. - 1900: 22,000 Their name comes from the WebThey developed a distinct dialect of the local Tajik language which incorporated many Hebrew words, as well as language elements from elsewhere in Central Asia, and became known as Judeo-Tajik. Jewish Language Website, Sarah Bunin Benor (ed.). Pizda Attribution: Creative Commons Share-Alike 4.0 International. New York has working Bukhori-language poets and prose writers, as well as musicians, actors, and even comedians who create in the language. These three features enabled them to just barely hold on to their Jewish identity. The local Jewish dialect evolved into something that was unintelligible to non-Jewish Greek speakers. Angry in Bulgarian 22:27). Judah Halevi (1075-1141), for instance composed his 12th-century classic work, The Kuzari (Kitab al-Xazari), in a part of the Iberian Peninsula that had recently been re-conquered by Christians, but he nonetheless wrote it in Judeo-Arabic, the language of the educated Jewish classes. Maimonides wrote his classic Jewish work Guide for the Perplexed in Judeo-Arabic while he was living in in the late 1100s, Prof. Hary notes; the name in Judeo-Arabic was Dalalat al-Hairin. When Spain was unified under Catholic rule in 1492, the monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella marked the milestone by forbidding any Jews to live in the country on pain of death. From a phonological and prosodic perspective, Judeo-Tajik is distinguished by a number of different question and exclamation intonations, as well as by the existence of unique phonemes (the guttural Hebrew letters het and ayin). Another Bukharian language newspaper called Roshani (Light) ran from 1920 to 1930; in 1930 it changed its name to Bajroqi Minat (Life of the Workers) and continued running until 1938. https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-tajik. Even when they were living in areas where their non-Jewish neighbors spoke Uzbek, not Tajik (which was much more similar to Bukharian), Bukharian Jews would communicate among themselves using Judeo-Tajik, or Bukharian. In addition, Judeo-Tajik includes a large number of words of Persian origin that never were or no longer are used in Tajik such as oshi savo (the Sabbath meal), or archaic constructions such as arzoni shudan to have the privilege of (immigrating to the land of Israel, for instance). In 1793, Rabbi Yosef Much of the community still uses Bukhori on a daily basis, whether for business, certain religious activities, or family life,with Russian and English also in use. Bukharian became the first language for many Jewish communities in the area. Jews often called themselves Isro-il (Israelites) or Yahudi (Jews). Semantically, most lexemes of Hebrew-Aramaic origin may be classified according to the following categories: - birth: benzokhor 'son' < son + male, masculine;milo < 'circumcision,' sometimes the word misvo < religious duty, good deed is used in the meaning of circumcision;' m(h)el < 'circumciser;' sandoq < godfather, - marriage: qudush < (-in is omitted) marriage due to Jewish tradition; katvo < marriage contract;' get < 'divorce;'haton < bridegroom;'kalo < bride;'shidukhin < (Niyazov 1979:94) match-making, - death:ganeden < Paradise;'gey(h)inm < hell;',hashkovo < 'prayer for the deceased;'lavoyo < funeral, hankko< Hanukkah(feast);' med < Jewish holiday, appointed time, festival(holiday),' pisho < Passover; puryo < 'Purim,'sukko < Feast of Tabernacles;' rshoshono < 'New Year according to the Jewish calendar', c) Food:bosor kosher meat < 'meat;' homes < leavened;' lehem< 'bread;'maso < 'matsa', d) Prayers:barokho < blessing, grace;qidusho < qidush + Tajik ending of noun plural form 'sanctification over wine; aravit < evening prayer'. Terms of religious and cultural significance often derive from Hebrew or Aramaic, and the language also reflects extensive contact with speakers of Turkic languages, particularly Uzbek. In northern Greece, there were about 10,000 Yevanic speakers on the eve of World War II. Bukharan Jews have lived in Central Asia, in areas currently in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, since antiquity, most recently in cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and Dushanbe. This change was not imposed on Judeo-Tajik, since the demise of Jewish culture (theaters, newspapers, literary reviews, museums, and so forth) during this period amounted to a death sentence for the literary use of Judeo-Tajik. He spoke with Aish.com, describing various versions of Judeo-Arabic as a language variety rather than a fully distinct language. Bukharian became the first language for many Jewish communities in the area. So, for instance, certain Uzbek words replaced or were used alongside words in Judeo-Tajik: Speech by David Kalontar at the opening of a Bukharian Jewish school, August 25 1900. As with other Chanukah recipes it is fried in oil to commemorate the miracle of the oil found by the Maccabees when they retook the Temple in Jerusalem. WebAnswer (1 of 6): As the Emirate of Bukhari has ceased to exist, the nationality of Bukhari Jews is determined by what country they currently live in and are citizens of. During the second half of the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, political and territorial changes in Central Asia led to the gradual transformation of Judeo-Persian into Judeo-Tajik. In the late nineteenth century, however, Judeo-Tajik developed into a literary language thanks to the enterprise undertaken by Rabbi Shimon Hakham (18431910), the founder of a literary school in Jerusalem. Curses Arent Just Words - The Atlantic This is our future cantor, says Abram Iskhakov, 70, the synagogues current cantor and the president of the Bukhara Jewish Community. How my Bukharian community celebrates Chanukah Organizations like the Bukharian Museum,The Association ofBukharianJewish Youth Achdut, and Club RoshnoyiLight, among others, are actively involved in cultural preservation efforts that include the language. Bulgarian Swear Words - Cusstionary Another difference from non-Jewish forms of Arabic is pronunciation. I consider Judeo-Arabic in general a language variety that has its own history and variety all the way from the 8th century until today and in the past two to three hundred years local varieties have developed in Yemen, the Maghreb, Iraq, and Egypt that are unique to this local variety.. Webbukharian curse wordscharles upham daughters. What the Jews spoke and wrote was mainly the dialect spoken in their places of residence, so we speak of Judeo-Roman, Judeo-Piedmontese, Judeo-Venetian and so forth, Prof. Stow explains. Dialect differences exist, though they have not yet been systematically studied. Bukharian Jews were stripped of their religiosity in the former Soviet Union, Meirov said. WebSuka (): Bitch. For the following fifty years, Judeo-Tajik served solely for communication within the family and community. Judeo-Tajik is a Persian language spoken and written by Bukharan Jews in the 18th to 20th centuries. 5 letter words with 1 vowel in the middle; main street radiology cpt codes 2021; jason hildebrandt narrator Although there is a more substantial literature on Bukharian history and culture, the language has been little-researched. As of 2018, there are about 220,000 Bukharian Jews in the world, located in large communities in Israel and the USA, as well as in small communities in Austria, Germany, Canada, and Moscow; some families remain in Bukhara and Samarkand. Today there are no genuine speakers of Judeo-Italian dialects left inside of Italy, Prof. Stow notes, and to the best of my knowledge there arent any speakers outside of Italy. However, in Rome today there is movement among some younger Jews to revive Judeo-Italian and its traditions. Bukhori - Endangered Language Alliance Several other key Soviet-era sources are noted by Michael Zand in hisBukharian Jewish Culture of the Soviet Period. A word is presented; a curse is squirted. WebLike all Jews, Bukharian Jews celebrate Passover with a seder ceremony and meal. As Jews have moved to Israel from across the globe, their children grow up conversing in Hebrew. Most Bukharan Jews spoke at least two languages fluently. In most Bukharan families today, children no longer speak Judeo-Tajik. WebBukharan Jews (Bukhoran Jews, Bukharian Jews) is a blanket term for Jews from Central Asia who speak Bukhori, a dialect of the Tajik language. WebWrite in the comments section below what other words you'd like to see translated. There are some performances by amateur actors, as well as shows and concerts by professional musicians in Israel and New York. Urban Dictionary: Bukharian It has its origins in Medieval Spain where the countrys large, vibrant Jewish community developed a unique way of speaking, blending Hebrew and even some Arabic words with Medieval Spanish. WebWith so many connections and interests both within and outside the Bukharian Jewish commu - nity, Nektalov has a busy life. ', umt holom nation(s) of the world < -, diburlsay nothing < talk + l < 'not', nishev shudan < we will sit in combination with the Tajik verb shudan become is used in the meaning of disappear'. Yet each region has its own accent and idioms, which can be recognized and identified. (Quoted in Life is With People: The Culture of the Shtetl by Mark borowsky and Elizabeth Herzog, Schocken Press: 1952.). It was traditionally written using Hebrew letters, though some Jews began to switch to writing the language using Greek letters in the 1800s. These alphabets were briefly replaced by the Latin one, and, in 1938, the republics of Central Asia began transitioning to the Cyrillic alphabet. Bukharian-Russian-Hebrew dictionary, 1907, Jerusalem. WebBukharian , , buxor Native to Israel, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan Ethnicity Bukharan Jews Native speakers 117,840 in all countries (20182019)[1] WebFor the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the Younger Bukharians are increasingly learning English and Hebrew, the languages of their newly adopted homelands. Judeo-Tajik newspapers printed in Cyrillic letters also appeared. Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Redbubble, and LinkTree: To cite: Author name (if available). Prof. Stow notes that talledde was a Judeo-Italian form of the Hebrew word tallit (prayer shawl). The Bukharian Quarter in Jerusalem became a thriving center of Bukharian culture. WebSince the Bukharian Jews were considered Dhimmis, they were slapped in the face by Muslims during the annual tax collection, as required by law. . Bukharian TImes Bukharian Times Page name. Never before has there been a sustained effort to make high-quality video recordings of Bukhori, complete with transcription, translation, and other relevant information. From a phonological and prosodic perspective, Judeo-Tajik is distinguished by a number of different question and exclamation intonations, as well as by the existence of unique phonemes (the guttural Hebrew letters. What Does the Bible Say About Curse Words? - OpenBible.info In the Middle Ages, Italian Jews developed a unique mode of speaking known today by scholars as Judeo-Italian. WebBukhori is a Southwestern Iranian language, closely related to Tajik and, at more distance, to modern Persian. Prior to Maimon's arrival, the native Jews of Bukhara followed the Persian religious tradition. Most Bukharan Jews spoke at least two languages fluently. Our weekly email is chockful of interesting and relevant insights into Jewish history, food, philosophy, current events, holidays and more Dr. Alt Miller lives with her family in Chicago, and has lectured internationally on Jewish topics. When the ancient Israelites were slaves in Egypt, they assimilated into Egyptian society with three key exceptions. You will BulgarianPod101 is about to teach you how to get mad! b) with the help of Tajik pronominal enclitics: Many words, especially ones for household objects, are borrowed from Russian such as. 7 1/4 cups flour. Image courtesy of Ruben Shimonov, originally from Iosif Kalontarov. Complete List of Ukrainian Curse Words and their Meanings Listen to this beautiful Ladino wedding song, Bayla, Bayla (Dance, Dance): Jews living in the northern regions of Greece developed their own language called Yevanic, also known as Judeo-Greek. While Bukharian is no longer widely spoken, many older Bukharian Jews continue to remember and speak this distinctive Jewish language. Only a small number of Judeo-Tajik publications appeared in Israel between 1950 and 1980.
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