918), Stanisaw Gustaw Jaster[pl] (no. The exception was the Polish Jewish Observer, a City and East London Observer supplement edited by Joel Cang, a former Warsaw correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. David Schaecter was 11 when the Nazis locked him in Cell Block 8 in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp. Was an Italian Jewish chemist and writer. ("twins step forward!"). Werner Reich, the magician, died on July 8, 2022, at the age of 94. [317], Notable memoirists of the camp include Primo Levi, Elie Wiesel, and Tadeusz Borowski. SS doctors tested the efficacy of X-rays as a sterilization device by administering large doses to female prisoners. [213] Some inmates were given soap and a towel. "[174] The dead included Colonel Jan Karcz and Major Edward Gtt-Getyski, executed on 25 January 1943 with 51 others suspected of resistance activities. The scale of the these horrors, however, can be difficult to grasp. Born Jewish, converted to Roman Catholicism with her family in June 1941 as an attempt by her father to save the family from certain death, but still considered Jewish by Nazi racial laws. [106] Wielding tremendous power over other prisoners, the functionaries developed a reputation as sadists. Magazines, Digital "[231], Earlier estimates of the death toll were higher than Piper's. It said: "It is estimated that the Oswiecim camp can accommodate fifteen thousand prisoners, but as they die on a mass scale there is always room for new arrivals. On 22 June 1941, in an attempt to obtain new territory, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. [7] Overall 400,207 prisoners were registered in the camp: 268,657 male and 131,560 female. Photos: Children of Auschwitz share stories of survival. In July 1942, according to Rudolf Hss's post-war memoir, Hss received an order from Heinrich Himmler, via Adolf Eichmann's office and SS commander Paul Blobel, that "[a]ll mass graves were to be opened and the corpses burned. Much of the site of the death camp was cleared by forced labor. 27089), both Polish prisoners, escaped on 19 November 1943; Tabeau made contact with the Polish underground and, between December 1943 and early 1944, wrote what became known as the Polish Major's report about the situation in the camp. [221], Just before cremation, jewelry was removed, along with dental work and teeth containing precious metals. He was arrested in 1965. Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Just before I turned 6, my family was deported to Auschwitz from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Purple was for Jehovah's Witnesses (Internationale Bibelforscher-Vereinigung or IBV)'s and pink for gay men, who were mostly German. [22], Construction of crematorium I began at Auschwitz I at the end of June or beginning of July 1940. [98] In March 1941, there were 700 SS guards; in June 1942, 2,000; and in August 1944, 3,342. The two-story barracks were originally designed to hold about 700 prisoners. Brought to the camp as functionaries, this group did much to establish the sadism of early camp life, which was directed particularly at Polish inmates, until the political prisoners took over their roles. [164] Based on the 275 extant reports of punishment in the Auschwitz archives, Strzelecka lists common infractions: returning a second time for food at mealtimes, removing your own gold teeth to buy bread, breaking into the pigsty to steal the pigs' food, putting your hands in your pockets. Conditions in the women's camp were so poor that when a group of male prisoners arrived to set up an infirmary in October 1942, their first task, according to researchers from the Auschwitz museum, was to distinguish the corpses from the women who were still alive. The local population will hide them and help them to leave the neighbourhood. The walls are covered by curious didactic frescoes: for example, there is the good Hftling [prisoner], portrayed stripped to the waist, about to diligently soap his sheared and rosy cranium, and the bad Hftling, with a strong Semitic nose and a greenish colour, bundled up in his ostentatiously stained clothes with a beret on his head, who cautiously dips a finger into the water of the washbasin. "[52] Construction of Auschwitz II-Birkenaucalled a Kriegsgefangenenlager (prisoner-of-war camp) on blueprintsbegan in October 1941 in Brzezinka, about three kilometers from Auschwitz I. After breaking into a warehouse, three of them dressed as SS officers and stole rifles and an SS staff car, which they drove out of the camp with the fourth handcuffed as a prisoner. "Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds". Holocaust survivors - Wikipedia As we all suffered from dysentry, we could barely wait until our turn came, and soiled our ragged clothes, which never came off our bodies, thus adding to the horror of our existence by the terrible smell that surrounded us like a cloud. [86] Industries with satellite camps included coal mines, foundries and other metal works, and chemical plants. Among the 7,000 people liberated at the closure of the camps, most were very ill, or close to death. These works have helped audience members and readers grapple with what happened to individuals during this period. The building proved unsuitable, so gassings were conducted instead in crematorium I, also in Auschwitz I, which operated until December 1942. [277] The last selection took place on 30 October 1944. He coined the phrase 'concentration camp syndrome', now more generally referred to as 'survivor's guilt' and 'post-traumatic stress disorder'. [116][117] Categories of prisoner were distinguishable by triangular pieces of cloth (German: Winkel) sewn onto on their jackets below their prisoner number. Holocaust survivors Israel "Sasha" Eisenberg, left, and Ruth Brandspiegel are reunited on Oct. 3, 2020, in East Brunswick, N.J. for the first . In addition the ashes were to be disposed of in such a way that it would be impossible at some future time to calculate the number of corpses burned. The inmates were counted and re-counted. Curfew ("nighttime quiet") was marked by a gong at nine o'clock. [220] The hair was first cleaned in a solution of sal ammoniac, dried on the brick floor of the crematoria, combed, and placed in paper bags. The Polish Fortnightly Review based a story on it, writing that "three crematorium furnaces were insufficient to cope with the bodies being cremated", as did The Scotsman on 8 January 1942, the only British news organization to do so. This page is not available in other languages. The 700-page indictment, presenting the testimony of 254 witnesses, was accompanied by a 300-page report about the camp, Nationalsozialistische Konzentrationslager, written by historians from the Institut fr Zeitgeschichte in Germany, including Martin Broszat and Helmut Krausnick. [125] Sanitary arrangements were atrocious, with few latrines and a lack of clean water. "[145] They were given serial numbers 1999. On 6 July 1940, roll call lasted 19 hours because a Polish prisoner, Tadeusz Wiejowski, had escaped; following an escape in 1941, a group of prisoners was picked out from the escapee's barracks and sent to block 11 to be starved to death. Male victims are signified by a Pale Turquoise background. [111] Their quality of life was further improved by their access to the property of new arrivals, which they traded within the camp, including with the SS. Young survivors at the camp, liberated by the, End of the rail track inside Auschwitz II. [124] The crematoria had to be overhauled. For this reason it is incumbent on us to record, document and represent survivors experiences and keep them in the public consciousness, lest we forget the depths to which society is capable of sinking., Wiesel wrote the internationally acclaimed memoir Night and was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. "Before long no one will be left to say: 'I was there, I saw, I remember what happened.' A 93-year-old former Nazi SS concentration camp guard has been found guilty of accessory to murder and handed a suspended sentence of two years. [281] Himmler ordered the evacuation of all camps in January 1945, telling camp commanders: "The Fhrer holds you personally responsible for making sure that not a single prisoner from the concentration camps falls alive into the hands of the enemy. "They told us, of course, that it was influenza or something like . Those deported to the camp complex were gassed . On last transport of Jews from Croatia. Fleming writes that it has not been possible to track Pilecki's early intelligence from the camp. The report said of the Jews in the camp that "scarcely any of them came out alive". [184] The women and girls were placed in odd-numbered barracks and the men and boys in even-numbered. [175] In October 1944, 200 Sonderkommando were executed for their part in the Sonderkommando revolt. They begin to hide. [157] From May 1944, he would select twins and dwarfs from among the new arrivals during "selection",[158] reportedly calling for twins with "Zwillinge heraus!" After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp. The others were given positions such as kapo and block supervisor. [308] The 180-day Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, held in West Germany from 20 December 1963 to 20 August 1965, tried 22 defendants, including two dentists, a doctor, two camp adjudants and the camp's pharmacist. In April 1945, the children were murdered by hanging to conceal the project. Approximately 1.1 million prisoners, or about 85 percent of people sent to Auschwitz, were murdered at the complex. Later married Annetta in 1948. Doctor who gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her letters to her five children which she wrote during her imprisonment in the labor camp Breitenau. Scottish missionary working in Hungary since 1932. )[146] A third transport of 798 Jewish women from Bratislava, Slovakia, followed on 28 March. The New York Times. [166] To extract information from inmates, guards would force their heads onto the stove, and hold them there, burning their faces and eyes. [332], There have been protracted disputes over the perceived Christianization of the site. Auschwitz; Inside the Nazi State. The first transport of German Roma arrived on 26 February that year. Deported to the camp with his wife in December 1943. He is hidden behind the boy with the white head bandage. "[291], The Soviet military medical service and Polish Red Cross (PCK) set up field hospitals that looked after 4,500 prisoners suffering from the effects of starvation (mostly diarrhea) and tuberculosis. The victims were usually dead within 10 minutes; Rudolf Hss testified that it took up to 20 minutes. "Destinul unui poet" and "Tabla ilustraiilor". The latrine consisted of a deep ditch with planks thrown across it at certain intervals. This made the total daily capacity 4,416, although by loading three to five corpses at a time, the Sonderkommando were able to burn some 8,000 bodies a day. An SS officer, Franz Wunch, fell in love with her. [327] The museum established its exhibits at Auschwitz I; after the war, the barracks in Auschwitz II-Birkenau had been mostly dismantled and moved to Warsaw to be used on building sites. Polish historian Irena Strzelecka writes that kapos were given nicknames that reflected their sadism: "Bloody", "Iron", "The Strangler", "The Boxer". Priest, ecclesiastic figure, theologian, historian, Archimandrite, PhD of History, professor. [260], Jerzy Tabeau (no. [152], Langefeld was succeeded as Lagerfhrerin in October 1942 by SS Oberaufseherin Maria Mandl, who developed a reputation for cruelty. Auschwitz: How death camp became centre of Nazi Holocaust Kapos were responsible for the prisoners' behavior while they worked, as was an SS escort. Dwork and van Pelt write that, in addition, Auschwitz I played a more central role in the persecution of the Polish people, in opposition to the importance of Auschwitz II to the Jews, including Polish Jews. [321] Two Auschwitz victimsMaximilian Kolbe, a priest who volunteered to die by starvation in place of a stranger, and Edith Stein, a Jewish convert to Catholicismwere named saints of the Catholic Church. We squatted on those planks like birds perched on a telegraph wire, so close together that we could not help soiling one another. For unknown reasons, they were not subject to selection and families were allowed to stay together. Novelist. [7] Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. [17] The first gassing at Auschwitzof a group of Soviet prisoners of wartook place around August 1941. [155], The most infamous doctor at Auschwitz was Josef Mengele, the "Angel of Death", who worked in Auschwitz II from 30 May 1943, at first in the gypsy family camp. [215], The Zyklon B was delivered to the crematoria by a special SS bureau known as the Hygiene Institute. [63] The daily capacity of the crematoria (how many bodies could be burned in a 24-hour period) was 340 corpses in crematorium I; 1,440 each in crematoria II and III; and 768 each in IV and V.[64] By June 1943 all four crematoria were operational, but crematorium I was not used after July 1943. Auschwitz | Holocaust Encyclopedia Hasidic orthodox rabbi, deported to Auschwitz from, Saint. . [323][324] The following year a survey organized by the Claims Conference, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and others found that 41 percent of 1,350 American adults surveyed, and 66 percent of millennials, did not know what Auschwitz was, while 22 percent said they had never heard of the Holocaust. [184] The following month, about 2,000 women from the family camp were selected to be moved to other camps and 80 boys were moved to the men's camp; the remaining 7,000 were gassed between 10 and 12 July. Arrived at the camp on October 23, 1944, and was gassed immediately. Among the number of prisoners who attempted to escape, 196 were successful and lived to see the end of the war. One prisoner was assigned to the latrines to measure the time the workers took to empty their bladders and bowels. [210], The crematoria consisted of a dressing room, gas chamber, and furnace room. List of victims and survivors of Auschwitz - Wikipedia The victims undressed in the dressing room and walked into the gas chamber; signs said "Bade" (bath) or "Desinfektionsraum" (disinfection room). Female victims are signified by aLight Pink background. OSWIECIM, Poland When more than 200 survivors of the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp gather there on Monday to mark 75 years since its liberation, many will do so for the last time. [248] On 1 July 1942, the Polish Fortnightly Review published a report describing Birkenau, writing that "prisoners call this supplementary camp 'Paradisal', presumably because there is only one road, leading to Paradise". I Was Supposed to Follow My Mother to Auschwitz. This Is How I Survived. There, I was separated from my sister and mother and put into a barracks with older boysmany seemed to be twins. [14], When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed. SS units forced nearly 60,000 prisoners to march west from the Auschwitz camp system. Heinrich Schwarz was commandant of Auschwitz III from the point at which it became an autonomous camp in November 1943 until its liquidation. [150] In 19431944, about 11,000 women were also housed in the Gypsy family camp, as were several thousand in the Theresienstadt family camp.[151]. [222] When they liberated the camp in January 1945, the Red Army found 7,000kg of human hair in bags ready to ship. [325] A CNN-ComRes poll in 2018 found a similar situation in Europe. Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity. [32] Initially intended not for mass murder but for prisoners who had been executed or had otherwise died in the camp, the crematorium was in operation from August 1940 until July 1943, by which time the crematoria at Auschwitz II had taken over. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Romani, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 others. [81] From Gliwice, prisoners were taken by rail in open freight wagons to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps. [60] When Himmler visited the camp on 17 and 18 July 1942, he was given a demonstration of a selection of Dutch Jews, a mass-murder in a gas chamber in bunker 2, and a tour of the building site of Auschwitz III, the new IG Farben plant being constructed at Monowitz. Portraits of seven of the UK's last remaining Holocaust survivors have gone on display at the Queen's Gallery to mark Holocaust Remembrance Day. For other uses, see, Auschwitz II-Birkenau gate from inside the camp, 2007, Same scene, May/June 1944, with the gate in the background. Prisoners were subjected to the post for helping a prisoner who had been beaten, and for picking up a cigarette butt. [47], There is also disagreement about how many were gassed in Auschwitz I. Perry Broad, an SS-Unterscharfhrer, wrote that "transport after transport vanished in the Auschwitz [I] crematorium. Crematoria II and III and their chimneys are visible in the background, left and right. The following year, he was convicted of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and guillotined. Now, its up to the rest of the world to preserve his memory and continue his legacy as the number of living Jewish survivors especially those who can still eloquently speak of the atrocities dwindles to about 100,000 in the world, advocates say. [206] Practically any faultscars, bandages, boils and emaciationmight provide reason enough to be deemed unfit. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. Others complained in voices full of despair, and others still sobbed spasmodically and sent up a dire, heart-rending weeping. [318][k] Wiesel wrote about his imprisonment at Auschwitz in Night (1960) and other works, and became a prominent spokesman against ethnic violence; in 1986, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Sent on the. Transferred to, Gynecologist. [76] In 19431944, about 35,000 inmates worked at the plant; 23,000 (32 a day on average) were killed through malnutrition, disease, and the workload. [46] (Office IV was the Gestapo. An intensely personal trip to Auschwitz-Birkenau: Reporters - CNN And in the meantime, their voices grew weaker and weaker Because of the great crowding, people fell one atop another as they died, until a heap arose consisting of five or six layers atop the other, reaching a height of one meter. He was imprisoned in Heide, then transferred to Minden for interrogation, part of the British occupation zone. The number of eloquent survivors is few and far between, said Michael Zank, 58, the director of the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies at Boston University, who was mentored by Wiesel. Within three to four months at the camp, Peter Hayes writes, the inmates were "reduced to walking skeletons". [305], On 25 November 1947, the Auschwitz trial began in Krakw, when Poland's Supreme National Tribunal brought to court 40 former Auschwitz staff, including commandant Arthur Liebehenschel, women's camp leader Maria Mandel, and camp leader Hans Aumeier. [182] Correspondence between Adolf Eichmann's office and the International Red Cross suggests that the Germans set up the camp to cast doubt on reports, in time for a planned Red Cross visit to Auschwitz, that mass murder was taking place there. [197] In summer 1944 the combined capacity of the crematoria and outdoor incineration pits was 20,000 bodies per day. [130], After roll call, to the sound of "Arbeitskommandos formieren" ("form work details"), prisoners walked to their place of work, five abreast, to begin a working day that was normally 11 hours longlonger in summer and shorter in winter. Auschwitz: Concentration Camp, Facts, Location - History For most of the survivors, there was no definite moment of liberation.After the death march away from the camp, the SS-TV guards had left. [290] Items found included 837,000 women's garments, 370,000 men's suits, 44,000 pairs of shoes,[291] and 7,000kg of human hair, estimated by the Soviet war crimes commission to have come from 140,000 people. Unknown circumstances as to why he was sent to Auschwitz. 1945 and released more than 7,000 remaining . Mossberg has since been declared cancer-free, but he will still travel with a medical team when he heads to Auschwitz for the 75th anniversary of the camp's liberation by Soviet troops on Jan. 27. The first inmates moved there on 30 October 1942. There are about 100,000 Jews who were in camps, ghettos and in hiding under Nazi occupation who are still alive today, according to the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, one of the few international organizations that tracks that type of data. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. [182] The somewhat better living conditions were nevertheless inadequate; 1,000 members of the family camp were dead within six months. [46][g] The women's guard from Ravensbrck, Johanna Langefeld, became the first Auschwitz women's camp Lagerfhrerin. [105] Very few were prosecuted after the war, because of the difficulty of determining which atrocities had been performed by order of the SS. [153] Mandl and Hssler were executed after the war. In crematoria II and III, the dressing room and gas chamber were underground; in IV and V, they were on the ground floor. [35] The morgue was later converted to a gas chamber able to hold at least 700800 people. The court convicted 19 of the defendants, giving six of them life sentences and the others between three and ten years. People who knew him felt that his charisma and his wit and his personality were priceless to know and experience. Soldier and secret agent ("Tomasz Serafiski"). [259] On 21 July 1944, Polish inmate Jerzy Bielecki dressed in an SS uniform and, using a faked pass, managed to cross the camp's gate with his Jewish girlfriend, Cyla Cybulska, pretending that she was wanted for questioning. [118] An estimated 5,00015,000 gay men prosecuted under German Penal Code Section 175 (proscribing sexual acts between men) were detained in concentration camps, of whom an unknown number were sent to Auschwitz. Auschwitz left its mark as one of the most infamous camps of the Holocaust. There is no universally accepted definition of the term, and it has been applied variously to Jews who survived the war in German-occupied Europe or other Axis territories, as well . [207] Children might be made to walk toward a stick held at a certain height; those who could walk under it were selected for the gas. In crematorium II, there was also a dissection room (Sezierraum). "[38] On 15 February 1942, according to Danuta Czech, a transport of Jews from Beuthen, Upper Silesia (Bytom, Poland), arrived at Auschwitz I and was sent straight to the gas chamber. Threw himself on the electric wire surrounding the camp in 1944. Most prisoners were gassed on arrival. The bays were divided into "roosts", initially for three inmates and later for four. All the patients were later moved to the brick buildings in Auschwitz I, where several blocks became a hospital, with medical personnel working 18-hour shifts. After being transferred from Auschwitz to the Dachau concentration camp and surviving a death march in December 1944, he escaped into nearby woods and was shortly after found and rescued by the . Kindergarten teacher, psychologist, author. Only two Jewish calendars made in Auschwitz survived to the end of the war. Left Auschwitz on a forced march to Stutthof concentration camp in January 1945. Teenager who wrote a diary. A Polish government-in-exile report stated that 11,274 prisoners and 6,314 prisoners of war had been executed. An additional 10,000 Poles were brought to the camp to be executed without being registered. "[282] The plundered goods from the "Kanada" barracks, together with building supplies, were transported to the German interior. [70] Because a long line of exhausted inmates walking through the town of Owicim might harm German-Polish relations, the inmates were told to shave daily, make sure they were clean, and sing as they walked. Lucyna Smoliska, Mieczysaw Sroka "Wielcy znani i nieznani" Wydawnictwa Radia i Telewizji, Warsaw 1988. The bulk of inmates were Polish for the first two years. First ordained female rabbi in Germany, rabbi at Neue Synagoge in Berlin, killed two months after entering the camp. Pope John Paul II celebrated mass over the train tracks leading to Auschwitz II-Birkenau on 7 June 1979[333] and called the camp "the Golgotha of our age", referring to the crucifixion of Jesus. New York: Collier Books, 1986. Leipciger, a 92-year-old Auschwitz survivor who lives in Toronto, had helped to organize an earlier such conference, and knew that this one dubbed Liberation 75, marking three-quarters of a . Conventual Franciscan friar who volunteered to die in place of Polish Army Sergeant. Arrested and sent to prisons in F utca and Buda, and then sent to Auschwitz in May 1944, where she was tattooed as prisoner 79467. [19] At the Wannsee Conference in Berlin on 20 January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich outlined the Final Solution to the Jewish Question to senior Nazis,[20] and from early 1942 freight trains delivered Jews from all over occupied Europe to German extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka. [245], The resistance sent out the first oral message about Auschwitz with Aleksander Wielkopolski, a Polish engineer who was released in October 1940. Laws which discriminated against Roma (Gypsies) continued to be in effect until 1970 in some parts of the country. Inmates arriving at night, or who were too weak to walk, were taken by truck. [102] Other SS staff worked in the medical or political departments, or in the economic administration, which was responsible for clothing and other supplies, including the property of dead prisoners. Dwork and van Pelt write that a chimney was recreated; four openings in the roof were installed to show where the Zyklon B had entered; and two of the three furnaces were rebuilt with the original components. Witnessed rapes of women by the camp's officers. Part 4, Corruption. On 19 January 1945, the SS ordered that the site be evacuated, sending 9,000 inmates, most of them Jews, on a death march to another Auschwitz subcamp at Gliwice. The group, which negotiates with Germanys government for payments to Holocaust victims and provides social services for survivors, said there were about 500,000 living survivors, including those who fled Nazi Germany, in 2014. Known as KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager (Auschwitz III subcamp), and later as the Monowitz concentration camp, [73] it was the first concentration camp to be financed and built by private industry. [62], Plans for crematoria II and III show that both had an oven room 30 by 11.24m (98.4 by 36.9ft) on the ground floor, and an underground dressing room 49.43 by 7.93m (162.2 by 26.0ft) and gas chamber 30 by 7m (98 by 23ft). [128] A second gong heralded roll call, when inmates lined up outside in rows of ten to be counted. One, the Reich Citizenship Law, defined as citizens those of "German or related blood who demonstrate by their behaviour that they are willing and suitable to serve the German People and Reich faithfully", and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor prohibited marriage and extramarital relations between those with "German or related blood" and Jews. The camps were opened over the course of nearly two years, 1940-1942. . [244] Michael Fleming writes that Pilecki was instructed to sustain morale, organize food, clothing and resistance, prepare to take over the camp if possible, and smuggle information out to the Polish military. [334] More controversy followed when Carmelite nuns founded a convent in 1984 in a former theater outside the camp's perimeter, near block 11 of Auschwitz I,[335] after which a local priest and some survivors erected a large crossone that had been used during the pope's massbehind block 11 to commemorate 152 Polish inmates shot by the Germans in 1941. [270] On 7 October 1944, following an announcement that 300 of them were to be sent to a nearby town to clear away rubble"transfers" were a common ruse for the murder of prisonersthe group, mostly Jews from Greece and Hungary, staged an uprising. [307] Bruno Tesch and Karl Weinbacher, the owner and chief executive officer of the firm Tesch & Stabenow, one of the suppliers of Zyklon B, were arrested by the British after the war and executed for knowingly supplying the chemical for use on humans. [99] Female guards were known as SS supervisors (SS-Aufseherinnen).